The quest to produce a Bose–Einstein condensate in the laboratory was stimulated by a paper published in 1976 by two Program Directors at the National Science Foundation (William Stwalley and Lewis Nosanow). In 1938, Fritz London proposed the BEC as a mechanism for superfluidity in 4 Einstein proposed that cooling bosonic atoms to a very low temperature would cause them to fall (or 'condense') into the lowest accessible quantum state, resulting in a new form of matter. Bosons, particles that include the photon as well as atoms such as helium-4 ( 4 The result of their efforts is the concept of a Bose gas, governed by Bose–Einstein statistics, which describes the statistical distribution of identical particles with integer spin, now called bosons. ) Einstein then extended Bose's ideas to matter in two other papers. (The Einstein manuscript, once believed to be lost, was found in a library at Leiden University in 2005.

Einstein was impressed, translated the paper himself from English to German and submitted it for Bose to the Zeitschrift für Physik, which published it in 1924. Right: after further evaporation, leaving a sample of nearly pure condensate.īose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta (now called photons), in which he derived Planck's quantum radiation law without any reference to classical physics. Center: just after the appearance of the condensate. Left: just before the appearance of a Bose–Einstein condensate. Velocity-distribution data (3 views) for a gas of rubidium atoms, confirming the discovery of a new phase of matter, the Bose–Einstein condensate.

In 2001 Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle shared the Nobel Prize in Physics 'for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates.' History In 1995, the Bose-Einstein condensate was created by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman of the University of Colorado Boulder using rubidium atoms later that year, Wolfgang Ketterle of MIT produced a BEC using sodium atoms. This state was first predicted, generally, in 1924–1925 by Albert Einstein following and crediting a pioneering paper by Satyendra Nath Bose on the new field now known as quantum statistics. A BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density (about 100,000 times less dense than normal air) to ultra-low temperatures. Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which point microscopic quantum mechanical phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference, become apparent macroscopically. In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate ( BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 ☌ or −459.67 ☏). Jumping forward and side to side are dealt with in about seven seconds of tutorial flashes in the first level, and from there you're on your own, Mister/Miss/Missus/Mizz Scientist.Schematic Bose–Einstein condensation versus temperature of the energy diagram It's a simple game, conveniently so since as I write this I'm suffering from an AC joint dislocation and can barely use my right hand (and don't ask me how long it took me to type this), with the cursor keys the only controls you need. This is gameplay pared down to a pure and simple form Occam’s Razor taken to the run and jump genre.īoson X gives uncultured louts like your correspondent a whimsical and totally false mental image of what happens in a particle accelerator, and piles an overflowing laboratory trolley of fun on top as our little hero (or heroine) runs full-tilt through a danger-infested Large Hadron Collider-type affair to build up energy and unlock particles.

Simplicity and ramping difficulty are key players in this game, which eschews the bells, whistles and fripperies of bonuses and rewards in an appropriately scientific just the facts sort of way. This particular endless runner takes a graphical style begging to be described as 'Super Hexagon meets Another World' and sees the player in charge of a miniature scientist taking a really hands-on interest in particle-colliders.

Mu and Heyo's Boson X is a runny, jumpy platformer of the breed that has been made world-famous by games like the viral leviathan that is Temple Run, and like all of its brethren a spiritual successor to the modern classic Canabalt. Being a physicist never looked so exhausting.

Boson x steam background